Bletchley Park - Wikipedia. Bletchley Park was the central site for British codebreakers during World War II. It housed the Government Code and Cypher School (GC& CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. According to the official historian of British Intelligence, the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain.[1]Located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, Bletchley Park is open to the public, and receives hundreds of thousands of visitors annually.[2]Bletchley Park is opposite Bletchley railway station.
It is close to junctions 1. M1. Located 5. 0 miles (8.
London, the site appears in the Domesday Book as part of the Manor of Eaton. Browne Willis built a mansion there in 1. Thomas Harrison purchased the property in 1. It was first known as Bletchley Park after its purchase by Samuel Lipscomb Seckham in 1.
The estate of 5. 81 acres (2. Sir Herbert Samuel Leon, who expanded the then- existing farmhouse[4] into what architect Landis Gores called a "maudlin and monstrous pile"[5][6] combining Victorian Gothic, Tudor, and Dutch Baroque styles. In 1. 93. 8, the mansion and much of the site was bought by a builder planning a housing estate, but in May 1. Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6), bought the mansion and 5. Government said they did not have the budget to do so, for use by GC& CS and SIS in the event of war.[7]A key advantage seen by Sinclair and his colleagues (inspecting the site under the cover of "Captain Ridley's shooting party")[8] was Bletchley's geographical centrality.
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It was almost immediately adjacent to Bletchley railway station, where the "Varsity Line" between Oxford and Cambridge – whose universities were expected to supply many of the code- breakers – met the main West Coast railway line connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Watling Street, the main road linking London to the north- west (now the A5) was close by, and high- volume communication links were available at the telegraph and telephone repeater station in nearby Fenny Stratford.
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Bletchley Park was known as "B. P." to those who worked there.[9] "Station X" (X = Roman numeral ten), "London Signals Intelligence Centre", and "Government Communications Headquarters" were all cover names used during the war.[1. Private Practice Episode 3. The formal posting of the many "Wrens" – members of the Women's Royal Naval Service – working there, was to HMS Pembroke V. Royal Air Force names of Bletchley Park and its outstations included RAF Eastcote, RAF Lime Grove and RAF Church Green.[1. The postal address that staff had to use was "Room 4. Foreign Office".[1. Personnel[edit]Commander Alastair Denniston was operational head of GC& CS from 1.
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Admiralty's Room 4. NID2. 5) and the War Office's MI1b.[1. Key GC& CS cryptanalysts who moved from London to Bletchley Park included John Tiltman, Dillwyn "Dilly" Knox, Josh Cooper, and Nigel de Grey.
These people had a variety of backgrounds – linguists and chess champions were common, and in Knox's case papyrology. The British War Office recruited top solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles, as these individuals had strong lateral thinking skills.[1. On the day Britain declared war on Germany, Denniston wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting "men of the professor type".[1.
Personal networking drove early recruitments, particularly of men from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Trustworthy women were similarly recruited for administrative and clerical jobs.[1. In one 1. 94. 1 recruiting stratagem, The Daily Telegraph was asked to organise a crossword competition, after which promising contestants were discreetly approached about "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort".[1. Denniston recognised, however, that the enemy's use of electromechanical cipher machines meant that formally trained mathematicians would also be needed; [1. Oxford's Peter Twinn joined GC& CS in February 1. Cambridge's Alan Turing[2. Gordon Welchman[2.
Bletchley the day after war was declared, along with John Jeffreys. Later- recruited cryptanalysts included the mathematicians Derek Taunt,[2. Jack Good, Bill Tutte,[2.
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Max Newman; historian Harry Hinsley, and chess champions Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner- Barry.[2. Joan Clarke (eventually deputy head of Hut 8) was one of the few women employed at Bletchley as a full- fledged cryptanalyst.[2. This eclectic staff of "Boffins and Debs" (scientists and debutantes, young women of high society)[2. GC& CS to be whimsically dubbed the "Golf, Cheese and Chess Society".[2. During a September 1. Winston Churchill reportedly remarked to Denniston: "I told you to leave no stone unturned to get staff, but I had no idea you had taken me so literally."[2.
Six weeks later, having failed to get sufficient typing and unskilled staff to achieve the productivity that was possible, Turing, Welchman, Alexander and Milner- Barry wrote directly to Churchill. His response was "Action this day make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done."[3. After initial training at the Inter- Service Special Intelligence School set up by John Tiltman (initially at an RAF depot in Buckingham and later in Bedford – where it was known locally as "the Spy School")[3. At the end of the third week, a worker went off at 8 a. The irregular hours affected workers' health and social life, as well as the routines of the nearby homes at which most staff lodged. The work was tedious and demanded intense concentration; staff got one week's leave four times a year, but some "girls" collapsed and required extended rest.[3.
A small number of men (e. Post Office experts in Morse code or German) worked part- time.
In January 1. 94. Bletchley and its outstations.[3. About three- quarters of these [3. Many of the women came from middle- class backgrounds[3.
STEM programs due to the lack of men, who had been sent to war. They performed complex calculations and coding and hence were integral to the computing processes.[3. For example, Eleanor Ireland worked on the Colossus computers.[3. The female staff in Dilwyn Knox's section were sometimes termed "Dilly's Fillies".[3. Dilly's girls" included Jean Perrin, Clare Harding, Rachel Ronald, and Elisabeth Granger. Jane Hughes processed information leading to the last battle of the Bismarck. Mavis Lever (who married mathematician and fellow code- breaker Keith Batey) made the first break into the Italian naval traffic.
She and Margaret Rock solved a German code[3. Abwehr break.[3. 9][3.
Their work achieved official recognition only in 2. Many of the women had backgrounds in languages, particularly French and German. Rozanne Colchester was a translator who worked at Bletchley from April 1. January 1. 94. 5, mainly for the Italian air forces Section.[4.
Like most of the 'Bletchleyettes', she came from the higher middle class, her father, Air Vice- Marshal Sir Charles Medhurst, being an air attaché in Rome. Before joining Bletchley, Colchester was moving in high circles: “she had met Hitler and been flirted with by Mussolini at an embassy party”, writes Sarah Rainey. She joined the Park because she found it thrilling to fight for her country.[4.
Cicely Mayhew was recruited straight from university, having graduated from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in 1. First in French and German, after only two years. She worked in Hut 8, translating decoded German Navy signals.[4. Ruth Briggs, a German scholar, worked within the Naval Section and was known as one of the best cryptographers; [4. Oliver Churchill of the SOE.[4.